ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a common brain development condition often diagnosed in childhood, though it can continue into adulthood. Kids with ADHD may struggle with focus, self-control, or hyperactivity.
Types of ADHD
ADHD symptoms can show up in different ways, depending on what’s most noticeable:
Inattentive Type: Trouble staying organized, focusing, or following instructions. Easily distracted or forgetful.
Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: Fidgety, talkative, restless. May interrupt others, act without thinking, or struggle to sit still.
Combined Type: A mix of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
Symptoms can shift as a person grows.
What Causes ADHD?
The exact cause isn’t known, but genetics is a significant factor. Other possible risks include:
Brain injury
Lead exposure
Smoking or drinking during pregnancy
Premature birth or low birth weight
Things like sugar, TV, or parenting styles do not cause ADHD, though they may affect symptoms in some people.
How Is ADHD Diagnosed?
ADHD is diagnosed by healthcare professionals using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). This standard helps ensure accurate and consistent diagnoses.
Core Symptoms
A person may have inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, or both. These symptoms must:
Be ongoing for at least 6 months
Be inappropriate for the person’s age
Affect daily life (school, work, or relationships)
Inattention Signs (Examples):
Easily distracted or forgetful
Trouble staying focused or following instructions
Often loses things needed for tasks
Avoids tasks that need long mental effort
Doesn’t seem to listen or finish tasks
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Signs (Examples):
Fidgets or can’t stay seated
Talks a lot or interrupts others
Acts as if “driven by a motor”
Can’t wait for their turn
Feels restless or always “on the go”
Other Key Diagnosis Criteria:
Some symptoms must appear before age 12
Symptoms show up in at least two settings (e.g., school and home)
The behavior must impact daily functioning
Another condition doesn’t explain the symptoms
ADHD Types (Presentations):
Combined Type: Both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity
Since symptoms can change with age, a person's ADHD type may shift over time.
Would you like this in infographic or handout format next?
My Child Has ADHD – What Comes Next?
If your child has been diagnosed with ADHD, you might feel overwhelmed, but the good news is that ADHD can be managed with the proper treatment. Every child is different, so finding the best approach means working closely with your child’s healthcare providers, teachers, and family members.
Common ADHD Treatments
The two main treatment types for ADHD are:
Behavior Therapy (especially parent training)
Medication
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends behavior therapy first for children under age six before trying medication. Combining behavior therapy with medication often works best for children six and older. Schools can also support treatment with behavior plans and accommodations.
A good plan includes regular check-ins to see if the treatment is working and making changes as needed.
What Is Behavior Therapy?
Behavior therapy helps children build positive habits and reduce disruptive behavior. It often includes:
Training for parents to manage behavior at home
Therapy sessions with children to teach self-control
Classroom strategies to support behavior at school
This works best when parents, teachers, and caregivers all work together.
For children under 6:
Parent training is the first step
It can work as well as medication for young kids
It avoids medication side effects, which are more common in younger children
Long-term effects of medicines on young kids are still being studied
For kids six and up:
Behavior therapy is combined with medication and can include:
Parent training
Classroom behavior plans
Social skills or peer support
Organization and time-management training
What About Medication?
Medication helps manage ADHD symptoms like impulsivity, inattention, and restlessness. It can improve behavior at home, in school, and social settings.
Types of medication include:
Stimulants: Fast-acting and effective for most kids with ADHD
Nonstimulants: Slower-acting, but effects may last up to 24 hours
Medication affects each child differently. Side effects – like appetite loss or trouble sleeping – are possible. Sometimes it takes trying different doses or medications to find the right fit. That’s why working closely with your child’s healthcare provider and adjusting treatment as needed is essential.
Parent Education and Support
Support is available for families navigating ADHD. The CDC funds the National Resource Center on ADHD (NRC), operated by CHADD. This center offers trusted information, expert guidance, and free resources for parents looking to understand better and manage ADHD. Visit their website to explore tools, articles, and parent support services.
Helpful Tips for Parents
Here are practical strategies that can make daily life smoother for both you and your child:
Stick to a Routine
Keep a consistent daily schedule, from wake-up to bedtime, and build stability.
Stay Organized
Designate spots for school items, toys, and clothes so things don’t get lost.
Reduce Distractions
Turn off the TV and create a quiet workspace. Some kids may focus better with background music or gentle movement – observe what helps.
Offer Simple Choices
Avoid overwhelming your child by limiting options. Two to three choices are usually enough.
Be Clear and Direct
Give short, specific instructions. Reflect on what your child says to show that you’re listening.
Break Tasks Into Steps
Divide significant assignments into smaller, manageable parts. Starting early and including breaks can reduce stress.
Use Praise and Rewards
Track progress with charts. Celebrate small wins and encourage positive behavior with praise or simple rewards.
Discipline Positively
Use calm, effective responses like time-outs or removing privileges. Avoid yelling or physical punishment.
Support Strengths
To build confidence, help your child find and enjoy activities they enjoy, like art, music, or sports.
Promote Healthy Habits
Balanced meals, exercise, and good sleep routines can help ease ADHD symptoms.
ADHD Doesn’t End in Childhood
For many, ADHD continues into adulthood. About one-third of children with ADHD still experience symptoms as adults. Adult treatment may include medication, therapy, life-skills training, or various approaches. For more details, visit the National Resource Center on ADHD or the National Institute of Mental Health.
Mary Watson
